The third history of the text
1. What is the "non-life story"?
The first student also writes the original fate, the first student’s Tale, the first student’s talk, etc.It mainly records the story of the Buddha who was born in various bodies and identities in his past lives and practiced the Bodhisattva path.Among the Chinese translation scriptures, the categories of students belong to the original category include: "The Six Paramitas Sutra", "The Perfect Sutra", "The Sutra of the Wise and the Fool", "The Sutra of the Miscellaneous Treasures", and "The Sutra of the Bodhisattva's Original Reasons".
According to the Pali scripture "Xiaobu Nikoye", the story of the Buddha compiled the figures of various animals such as kings, Brahmins, merchants, women, elephants, monkeys, deer, and bears in the past life, and saved sentient beings in danger, or made diligent efforts to seek the Dharma, with more than 500 good deeds and merits.The texts are mostly written in prose and rhyme, full of sacrifices to sacrifice oneself and others, including the teachings of Bodhisattvas practicing the Six Paramitas and the Four Immortal Minds. Therefore, there is a saying that Mahayana Buddhism originated here.
In addition, the stories of the Bensheng have been highly respected and believed since ancient times, and are also regarded as the best subject matter such as painting, sculpture, literature and even drama.With the continuous development of Buddhism, the Buddha's natal stories have also been widely circulated around the world, becoming the source of world-wide popular literature and moral norms.For example: works such as: fables of ancient Greek Aesop, Arab fairy tales, fable literature, and ancient and modern Japanese tales.This profound origin makes the story of the student occupy an extremely important position and value in the study of the origin, dissemination, comparative literature and exchange history of world literature.
2. What is "changing text", "common speech", and "preaching scriptures"?
The article refers to articles that take the story of Buddhist scriptures and gradually add to the folk stories of our country and rewrite them in public to make them popular and vivid and suitable for education of the public.Originally originated from the teachings of various temples in the Middle Tang Dynasty, it used altered texts and disguised pictures to educate the public. It is one of the popular rap literary works influenced by Buddhism since the Tang Dynasty. It evolved to future generations, and all folk rap writers can call it a general term.
There are about three types of variations: 1. Prose and rhyme are intersected;2. All prose;3. All rhymes have a great influence on the development of "Guzi Ci", "Baojuan", "Tanci" and even "Zongyi Novels" in later Chinese literature.The famous Buddhist scriptures include: the Lotus Sutra, the Amitabha Sutra, the Vimalakirti Sutra, the Mulian Rescue Mother, etc., and the "Hungry Tiger Rescue" is the oldest.The stories taken from folk include Wu Zixu’s transformation into literature, Su Wu and Li Ling’s teaching of different poems, Wang Zhaojun’s transformation into literature, Shunzi’s transformation into literature, etc.
「The term "commonly said" also originated in the Tang Dynasty, referring to a Dharma assembly that uses lay believers as the object and interprets the content of Buddhist scriptures in a simple and popular genre.Mahayana sutras such as "Lotus Sutra", "Nirvana", "Vajra", "Avatamsaka Sutra", and "Prajna" are the most commonly spoken scriptures.Common sayings are the same as those of the general sutras, which are divided into three sections: sequence, authentic, and circulation. First, a passage of sutra is preached, then explained, and then chanted in rhyme.
The basic scriptures left in the common Dharma lecture meeting are called "scriptures", which have a popular color. Later, it became a popular "scripture-making text" that is purely based on "rap" stories, thus giving birth to the forefront of our country's vernacular literature. －－Song and Yuan Script.
3. What is the "translation field"?
Translation field refers to the translation of classics.When Buddhism was first spread to the east, translation of scriptures was still a personal career. With the development of Buddhism, translation of scriptures was gradually taken seriously, and the establishment of a translation site was established.Since Yao Xing of the Later Qin Dynasty built the Xiaoyao Garden as a translation site for Master Kumarajiva, many translation sites have been officially supported.For example: Emperor Yang of Sui built a scripture hall for Master Yancong, Emperor Taizong of Tang built a translation site for Master Xuanzang at Ci'en Temple, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang built a scripture hall for Master Yijing, Emperor Taizong of Song built a scripture hall for Fatian, etc. With the development of the scripture translation industry, the scale and system of the translation site became more complete.
The organization of the translation site has nine positions, namely, proofreading, proofreading, proofreading, sanskrit, sanskriting, sanskriting, sanskriting, sanskriting, sanskriting, and sanskriting. It is commonly known as the nine positions in the translation site. Translators who participate in the translation must be qualified as "Eight Preparations and Ten Articles".Under such a strict system, translation of scriptures has become a cause of collective creation, leaving many high-quality cultural heritages for mankind, and translation sites have also become places for spreading Buddhism and specialized schools for cultivating outstanding talents, which have a profound impact on future generations of Buddhism.
4. Which one is the earliest Chinese Buddhist scripture?
The earliest existing Chinese Buddhist scripture is the "Forty-Two Chapters".The whole sutra is one volume and divided into forty-two chapters, so it is called the "Forty-Two Chapters of Sutra".The content of each chapter is brief and concise, with the longest being only more than a hundred words, and the shortest being more than twenty words.This is jointly translated by Kashyapa Moteng and Zhu Falan in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is the earliest Buddhist scripture translated in my country.The scriptures briefly explain the basic teachings of early Buddhism, such as: the monk's attainment of fruit, good and evil karma, the mind's attainment, away from desires, impermanence of human life, etc., and explain the essential meaning of monks' learning of Taoism. The reasoning method is simple and concise, which is an introductory book of Buddhism.In addition to the Chinese translations, there are also Manchu, Mongolian, Tibetan, Japanese, and English translations.
5. What is the classic "six achievements"?What's the point?
「Six achievements" refers to the common preface of all sutras, which has six achievements. As Zongmi said in the "Ullambana Sutra": "All sutras say at the beginning that I heard this, and at the moment, the Buddha was in a certain place with a number of people.Many of the sutras have six achievements, and the text may be missing, and the meaning must be included."Six achievements include:
1.Faith accomplishment, that is, the scripture "such" also refers to Ananda's faith.The sea of Buddhism is only faithful and can enter. Believe in the Dharma that the Buddha said without doubt, so it is called faithful achievement.
2.The accomplishment of hearing is the scripture "I hear" which is also the one who hears it by himself.Ananda heard the Buddha's teachings personally, so he was called hearing achievement.
3.Time achievement means "one time" in the scripture, which refers to the time when the preaching is made.When the Dharma King starts the good meeting, if sentient beings are destined to be touched and can be touched, the Buddha will appear and respond to the Tao, and will not lose the time, so it is called the achievement of time.
4.The master's achievement refers to the scripture "Buddha", and also to the master of preaching.The Buddha is the master of the worldly and transcendental teachings, so he is called the master's achievement.
5.The achievement refers to the place where the preaching is stated in the scriptures.The Buddha preached in heaven, in the human world, in the kingdom of Magadha, in the kingdom of Shravad, and in the kingdom of Shravad, so it is called the realization of the realization.
6.The achievements of the masses refer to the many people in the scriptures, which also refer to the people who listen to the Dharma.The Bodhisattva, the Two Vehicles, Heaven, Man and other people gather to listen to the Dharma, so it is called the achievement of the masses.
These six factors are complete and the teachings are prosperous, so they are called the six achievements.
6. What are the "Sutra of Questioning" and "False Sutra"?What is historical value?
The scriptures that are forged by the Buddha's teachings are called "false sutras";Those who are suspicious of the source and are suspected of being false scriptures are called "Sutra of doubt".The two are generally collectively called "suspicious sutras" or "suspicious sutras".
There are many scriptures in India that are pretentiously chaotic, intentionally chaotic, and the doctrines preached by the Buddha. The current pseudo-sentences refer to the imitation of sutras and treatises by China, Japan and other countries, and are pretentiously translated from the Hu version of the Western Regions or the Sanskrit in India. They are mixed with foreign ideas, other religions, and even folk beliefs, but they are regarded as "true scriptures" delivered from India and the Western Regions and are included in the Sutra.
The person who initially raised the question of sutra was the editor of the sutra. They believed that doubts sutras would disturb the true sutras and would also obscure the truths spoken by the Buddha.Japanese scholar Diliang Makita, who studies suspicious scriptures in modern times, proposed six types of suspicious scriptures: 1. Created in line with the wishes of the rulers;2. Work to criticize the ruler’s governance;3. In line with the traditional Chinese five relationship ideas;4. Advocate specific doctrines and beliefs;5. Mark the name of a specific individual;6. To cure diseases, pray for blessings, etc.
From an academic standpoint, the content, age, quantity, and reasons of the false scriptures are important research topics;But in terms of history, the suspicious scriptures provided many valuable materials and became an effective way to understand the ideological background and folk beliefs at that time.
7. Why does the "Stone Sutra" appear?What is its value?
「The Stone Sutra refers to the scriptures engraved on the surface of the rock, including three classics such as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, among which Buddhism is the most common.The carving of the stone scriptures was influenced by the style of the Northern Wei Dynasty to carve caves, and on the other hand, it was because after many incidents of Dharma difficulties, the idea of the Dharma-Ending Age emerged. In order to allow the "right Dharma to last for a long time" and preserve the classics for a long time, the stone scriptures were carved.
Among the existing Buddhist stone scriptures, the stone scriptures in Fangshan, Hebei are the largest and are known as the "Stone Sutra Mountain".From the twelfth year of Sui Dynasty (June 16 )Master Jingwan made up his mind to write.After being continuously engraved in the Tang, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming, Qing dynasties, there are more than 15,000 intact stone scriptures today, and thousands of volumes of Buddhist scriptures are engraved. It is the largest number of written inscriptions preserved at present. It has extremely high historical value in the history of Eastern culture.In addition, in the fifth year of Zhizheng in the Yuan Dynasty, (One, three, four, five )The stone scriptures carved on the inner wall of Juyongguan Pass Street Tower in Hebei include six types of characters: Fantasy, Han, Mongolian, Uighur, Tibet, and Xixia. They are also extremely precious Chinese materials and are highly valued.According to the appearance of the stone scripture, there are four types: wall engraving, cliff engraving, stele engraving and column engraving.
There are also stone carving classics in South Korea and Japan. The former is the most famous of the "Avatamsaka Sutra" in the Huayan Temple in Qiuli County, Jeolla South Province;The latter is nine years old (Seven seven eight )The "Nirvana Sutra" monument engraved on the cliff of Uchikawa Nara is the earliest.The scale of the carving is not similar to that of China.
8. What is "Geyi" Buddhism?
Explaining Buddhist principles based on Taoism or foreign teachers is called "Geyi".
When Buddhism spread to China from the east, intellectuals often accepted it because of its similar ideas to Laozi and Zhuangzi.By the third and fourth centuries AD, the trend of Qing talk was prevalent, especially scholars and scholars represented by the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest often used the thoughts of Laozi and Zhuangzi to illustrate the emptiness of Prajna.This kind of academic style in the transitional period is called "geyi".Buddhism was influenced by the pure talk of Laozi and Zhuangzi. All Buddhist narratives and commentary of Buddhist scriptures often quote the terms of Laozi, Zhuangzi, and the Book of Changes, which are all called "Geyi Buddhism".Later generations also compared Confucianism with Buddhism, which was also regarded as a kind of Buddhist teaching.
Representative figures who promote Buddhism in a grammatical way include Zhu Faya, Kang Falang, etc.Master Daoan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty initially used the principles of Laozi and Zhuangzi to describe Buddhism and annotate Buddhist scriptures. Because he was afraid that the meaning of the pattern distorts the Buddhist teachings, he advocated that the Buddhist scriptures should be translated correctly based on the original meaning of Buddhism, and explored Buddhist principles through the scriptures itself.It was not until after Master Kumarajiva that Chinese Buddhism broke away from the Geyi model.
9. What is the "Certificate"?"Abuse"?
「"The certificate of sacrificial documents" refer to certificates issued by the government to monks, indicating that they have been approved by the public examinations according to law and are not made into a monk by private ordination.
The certificate of vassal originated in the Northern Wei Dynasty.The sixth year of Tang Tianbao (747 )The imperial edict ordered monks and nuns in the world to issue a certificate of "Shenzhen Department" through the Seminary Department of the Shangshu Province to prove it.Monks and nuns must receive the precepts before they can receive the precepts. After receiving the precepts, they will receive the precepts. These are all issued by the official.Therefore, the covenant certificate is also called the "Shenzhen Department Certificate".Monks and nuns can obtain government guarantees by using the certificate of covenant as their identity certificate, exempting taxes, corvee labor, etc.When a monk walks, he must carry a certificate of decree with him to prove that he is a public monk at any time.Until the Qing Dynasty, it has been used from generation to generation.
「The precepts” refers to the certificates obtained by monks and nuns after becoming monks and taking precepts.According to Volume 3 of "Shishi's Records", the 10th year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (Eighty-five-six )，He once appointed Master Bianzhang as the first in the three religions and ordered monks and nuns to receive precepts, which was the origin of the official precepts and nuns in our country.
From the Hongwu to Yongle period in the Ming Dynasty (One, three, six, eight －One, four, two, four )，Those who have issued three imperial edicts to receive the precepts must carry a certificate with them as a license. If they encounter a pass through the gates and gates, they must be clear about their experience and allow them to be released. The certificate of precepts will become the travel passport of monks and nuns.During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, the precepts were issued by the precepts temple.
After the Republic of China, there was no award of covenant certificates, and only the system of precepts was left, and it was issued by the Chinese Buddhist Church or the precept temple.
